The word diplomacy originated from the Greek word diploma, which was the letter of credence that certified an ambassador's power to negotiate and serve as the direct representative of the holders of political power. Many theories describe diplomacy as the art of negotiations between various countries. Although it is the dialogue among nations and more precisely a dialogue among agents of nations or diplomats, diplomacy is also a key concept in the study of international relations.
For example, traditional dimensions of international relations related to international peace and prosperity include topics such as international diplomacy, arms control, and alliance politics. Contemporary studies in international relations, on other hand, include topics such as international political economics, environmental politics.
Scholars see diplomacy as foreign policy and as the process of negotiation and deliberation that brings peace and cooperation among nations. But diplomacy cannot be studied only as a foreign policy as its close connection with international relations brings more connotations. Diplomacy includes a number of international activities that do not necessarily envisage a process of cooperation. Those activities could be espionage, economic intervention or even deterrence and threat. Therefore, the dialogue among nations becomes a broad concept. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries diplomacy often comes under the form of membership in international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) or the World Trade Organization (WTO). Membership in international organizations, however, is only one of the various types of diplomacy, precisely multilateral diplomacy.
In ancient Greece the people who took care of the representation of their lands to other cities were called presbeis or presbeutes, which means important person or leading person. Diplomats are the agents of nations who carry out the process of negotiation and deliberation. They are individual people working for a collective agency who interact over time. Their role is the product of a historical tradition of norms, negotiation and representation. Many scholars consider the work of the diplomats as a hard-bargaining process, while others assume that shared norms among diplomats can result in informal methods of persuasion.
Bilateral diplomacy covers relations between two countries. It is the basic form of diplomacy, probably the most ancient one, which allows countries to create a network of external relations. There are authors who consider bilateral diplomacy as classic diplomacy or the diplomacy of the past in contrast with multilateral diplomacy, which is seen as the more modern form of diplomatic relations. But the choice is not between either multilateral or bilateral diplomacy, because both forms co-exist and while making multilateral diplomacy the bilateral talks or contacts are inevitable. Even more, countries may use international forums and centers, such as New York, where the headquarters of the UN is located, for both UN-related work as well as for bilateral contacts with countries where they do not have permanent representations.
Multilateral diplomacy, on the other hand, starts as congress diplomacy. The dawn of the modern multilateral negotiations is seen to be the series of congresses which followed the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. The number of international actors involved in multilateral diplomacy is always more than two. Multilateral talks do not exclude bilateral or other types of negotiations. Interaction between bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, thus, becomes an important condition for the creation a new pattern of political behavior.
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Shuttle diplomacy is a term which describes the role of an intermediary between two disputing sides. Shuttle diplomacy avoids face-to-face contact between the two disputing countries and thus contributes for reducing the tension of the conflict. The term was first used to describe the work of United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who facilitated the cessation of hostilities following the Yom Kippur War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states in 1973.
Economic diplomacy is an important component of international relations as it goes beyond the commercial relations, part of the traditional understanding of diplomatic relations. Economic diplomacy covers foreign trade, external investments, bilateral and multilateral economic negotiations, technology exchanges, financial flows and aid. It helps to understand how modern states conduct their external economic relations in the twenty first century.
Public diplomacy is another interesting type of the contemporaneous diplomatic relations. The modern meaning of the term public diplomacy received an important role in 1965 when Edmund Gullion, dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, established an Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy. The target of public diplomacy is the public opinion in other countries. Governments use strategies and policies to influence the public opinion in other countries, create a good image of its own country and carry out its own policy via public communications media dealings with a wide range of non-governmental bodies.
Diplomacy: Selected full-text books and articles
The Pure Concept of Diplomacy Greenwood Press, 1988
The Art and Practice of Diplomacy Barnes & Noble, 1962
Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik Oxford University Press, 2003
Foundations of Cultural Diplomacy: Politics among Cultures and the Moral Autonomy of Man Algora, 2011
Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics University of Chicago Press, 2007
Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement University of Georgia Press, 2011
Soldiers, Statecraft, and History: Coercive Diplomacy and International Order Praeger, 2002
Preventive Diplomacy: Stopping Wars before They Start Basic Books, 1996
The Evolution of Diplomatic Method Constable, 1954
Diplomatic Law: A Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations Oxford University Press, 1998 (2nd edition)
Earth Negotiations: Analyzing Thirty Years of Environmental Diplomacy United Nations University Press, 2001
Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to the Present
Greenwood Press, 2002PSPRIMARY SOURCE
A primary source is a work that is being studied, or that provides first-hand or direct evidence on a topic. Common types of primary sources include works of literature, historical documents, original philosophical writings, and religious texts.
British Diplomats and Diplomacy, 1688-1800 University of Exeter Press, 2001
Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the U.S. Foreign Service Georgetown University Press, 2008
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“The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.”
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“If you need something from somebody always give that person a way to hand it to you.”
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tags: diplomacy, empowerment, life, relationships, subtlety
“Never hate your enemies. It affects your judgment.”
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“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
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tags: diplomacy, hurt, preparedness, presidential
Different Types Of Diplomacy
“Every normal man must be tempted, at times, to spit on his hands, hoist the black flag, and begin slitting throats.”
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“Truth without love is brutality, and love without truth is hypocrisy.”
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tags: diplomacy, hypocrisy, love, tact, truth, truth-telling
“You're in America now,' I said. 'Our idea of diplomacy is showing up with a gun in one hand and a sandwich in the other and asking which you'd prefer.”
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“Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions.”
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“Conversation, like certain portions of the anatomy, always runs more smoothly when lubricated.”
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“Tact is the knack of making a point without making an enemy.”
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“Don't hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting; but never hit soft!”
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“If you've got them by the balls, their hearts and minds will follow.”
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“Diplomacy is the velvet glove that cloaks the fist of power.”
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“Force is all conquering, but it's victories are short lived.”
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“Tact is the ability to step on a man's toes without messing up the shine on his shoes.”
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“One cannot toss ambassadors back like bad fish,' said Eugenides. 'You treat them with care, or you'll find you've committed an act of war.”
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“But it doesn't take a thousand men to open a door, my lord.'
'It might to keep it open.”
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“People who keep their feelings to themselves tend not to know, after a while, what their feelings are.”
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“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall take flack from both sides.'- Unofficial UN Motto”
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“Be a craftsman in speech that thou mayest be strong, for the strength of one is the tongue, and speech is mightier than all fighting.”
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tags: advice, courageous, crafty, diplomacy, fighthing, heroic, hope, speech, strength, valiant, war, wisdom
“A diplomat who says “yes” means “maybe', a diplomat who says “maybe' means “no”, and a diplomat who says “no” is no diplomat.”
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“Pick a leader who will keep jobs in your country by offering companies incentives to hire only within their borders, not one who allows corporations to outsource jobs for cheaper labor when there is a national employment crisis. Choose a leader who will invest in building bridges, not walls. Books, not weapons. Morality, not corruption. Intellectualism and wisdom, not ignorance. Stability, not fear and terror. Peace, not chaos. Love, not hate. Convergence, not segregation. Tolerance, not discrimination. Fairness, not hypocrisy. Substance, not superficiality. Character, not immaturity. Transparency, not secrecy. Justice, not lawlessness. Environmental improvement and preservation, not destruction. Truth, not lies.”
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tags: administration, airlines, bail, bail-out, banker, bankers, banking, banking-system, banks, best-leader, big-business, big-pharma, bipartisan, capitalism, censor, common-man, companies, confident, conservation, corporations, corrupt, corruption, country, democrat, diplomacy, diplomatic, diversity, divide, divides, division, doctor, doctors, education, educators, election, elections, employment, environment, environmental, environmentalism, environmentalist, equality, families, farmer, for-the-people, foreign-relations, freedom, freedom-of-speech, funding, good-leader, government, government-corruption, guide, health-care, heart-driven, homes, honest, honest-broker, human-condition, humble, identify, incentives, indentifies, integrity, intelligent, job, jobs, justice, lead, leader, leaders, leadership, leadership-characteristics, leadership-traits, libraries, library, lie, lies, lobbyist, losing, make-america-great-again, man-on-the-street, money, money-driven, mortage, mortages, nation, oil, oil-tycoon, peace, peacekeeper, peacemaker, people, pharma, pharmaceutical, pick-a-leader, picking-sides, political-science, politics, president, presidential, protection, race, racism, republican, school, schools, selecting, serves-the-people, sly, speech, spending, street, street-level, strong, teacher, teachers, truth, understand, understanding, unites, vote, voter, voting, war, we-the-people, wisdom, word
“Look and see which way the wind blows before you commit yourself.”
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“Attempts to locate oneself within history are as natural, and as absurd, as attempts to locate oneself within astronomy. On the day that I was born, 13 April 1949, nineteen senior Nazi officials were convicted at Nuremberg, including Hitler's former envoy to the Vatican, Baron Ernst von Weizsacker, who was found guilty of planning aggression against Czechoslovakia and committing atrocities against the Jewish people. On the same day, the State of Israel celebrated its first Passover seder and the United Nations, still meeting in those days at Flushing Meadow in Queens, voted to consider the Jewish state's application for membership. In Damascus, eleven newspapers were closed by the regime of General Hosni Zayim. In America, the National Committee on Alcoholism announced an upcoming 'A-Day' under the non-uplifting slogan: 'You can drink—help the alcoholic who can't.' ('
Can't'?) The International Court of Justice at The Hague ruled in favor of Britain in the Corfu Channel dispute with Albania. At the UN, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko denounced the newly formed NATO alliance as a tool for aggression against the USSR. The rising Chinese Communists, under a man then known to Western readership as Mao Tze-Tung, announced a limited willingness to bargain with the still-existing Chinese government in a city then known to the outside world as 'Peiping.'
All this was unknown to me as I nuzzled my mother's breast for the first time, and would certainly have happened in just the same way if I had not been born at all, or even conceived. One of the newspaper astrologists for that day addressed those whose birthday it was:
There are powerful rays from the planet Mars, the war god, in your horoscope for your coming year, and this always means a chance to battle if you want to take it up. Try to avoid such disturbances where women relatives or friends are concerned, because the outlook for victory upon your part in such circumstances is rather dark. If you must fight, pick a man!
Sage counsel no doubt, which I wish I had imbibed with that same maternal lactation, but impartially offered also to the many people born on that day who were also destined to die on it.”
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tags: albania, alcohol, alcoholism, andrei-gromyko, antisemitism, astrology, astronomy, beijing, birth, birthdays, breastfeeding, britain, censorship, china, communism, communist-party-of-china, corfu, corfu-channel-incident, czechoslovakia, damascus, diplomacy, ernst-von-weizsacker, flushing-meadows, flushing-queens, gods, history, hitler, horoscopes, hosni-zayim, international-court-of-justice, israel, jews, mao, mars, nato, nazis, newspapers, nuremberg, passover-seder, prohibition, the-hague, united-nations, united-states, ussr, vatican, war
“Pick a leader who will not only bail out banks and airlines, but also families from losing their homes -- or jobs due to their companies moving to other countries. Pick a leader who will fund schools, not limit spending on education and allow libraries to close. Pick a leader who chooses diplomacy over war. An honest broker in foreign relations. A leader with integrity, one who says what they mean, keeps their word and does not lie to their people. Pick a leader who is strong and confident, yet humble. Intelligent, but not sly. A leader who encourages diversity, not racism. One who understands the needs of the farmer, the teacher, the doctor, and the environmentalist -- not only the banker, the oil tycoon, the weapons developer, or the insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyist.”
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tags: administration, airlines, bail, bail-out, banker, bankers, banking, banking-system, banks, best-leader, big-business, big-pharma, bipartisan, capitalism, censor, common-man, companies, confident, conservation, corporations, corrupt, corruption, country, democrat, diplomacy, diplomatic, diversity, divide, divides, division, doctor, doctors, education, educators, election, elections, employment, environment, environmental, environmentalism, environmentalist, equality, families, farmer, for-the-people, foreign-relations, freedom, freedom-of-speech, funding, good-leader, government, government-corruption, guide, health-care, heart-driven, homes, honest, honest-broker, human-condition, humble, identify, incentives, indentifies, integrity, intelligent, job, jobs, justice, lead, leader, leaders, leadership, leadership-characteristics, leadership-traits, libraries, library, lie, lies, lobbyist, losing, make-america-great-again, man-on-the-street, money, money-driven, mortage, mortages, nation, oil, oil-tycoon, peace, peacekeeper, peacemaker, people, pharma, pharmaceutical, pick-a-leader, picking-sides, political-science, politics, president, presidential, protection, race, racism, republican, school, schools, selecting, serves-the-people, sly, speech, spending, street, street-level, strong, teacher, teachers, truth, understand, understanding, unites, vote, voter, voting, war, we-the-people, wisdom, word
“She is opinionated, as most of us are, but you won’t find yourself impaled on her arguments; she doesn’t charge at you as some people do. What [she] does is walk slowly and steadily into a conversational battle, somehow managing to deflect all incoming targets until she is standing in your corner with her flag dug firmly into the ground. I think it comes from the deep-seated confidence she possesses in her core. I think it is the powerful combination of encouraged individualism and a strong family unit.”
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“In the end, the work of diplomats continues even while others fight. So, it's not necessarily true that everyone needs to march.”
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“British diplomats and Anglo-American types in Washington have a near-superstitious prohibition on uttering the words 'Special Relationship' to describe relations between Britain and America, lest the specialness itself vanish like a phantom at cock-crow.”
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tags: anglo-americans, britain, diplomacy, foreign-relations, foreign-relations-of-the-us, superstition, uk-us-relations, united-states, washington
“Your name?' George asked him directly. He had probably seen the man a dozen times before yet did not know anything about him. King Davit would have no doubt have known half the man's history already.
'Henry.'
George took Henry's hand firmly in his own and looked into his eyes. This had to be done delicately, to make sure this Henry did not think him a fool. He tried to think of how his father would do it.
'Thank you, Henry, for your concern. It is a comfort to know I am so well guarded. I will make sure to praise you when next I speak to the lord general. But for now I think there is no need to worry.”
―
Traditional Diplomacy
tags: acknowledgement, appreciation, courtesy, diplomacy, guard, prince, social-skills, soldier
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